Precision medicine has become integral to the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), requiring accurate biomarker assessment to guide treatment decisions. Reflex testing now includes RAS/BRAF profiling, MMR/MSI evaluation, and HER2 assessment, with careful consideration of the diagnostic performance and limitations of the available technologies. In this evolving landscape, liquid biopsy is emerging as a valuable tool for molecular profiling and disease monitoring.

This presentation will discuss recent developments in anal squamous cell carcinoma, anal adenocarcinoma and selective rarer anal neoplasms. Content will include updates from current tumour classification and staging guidelines, including non-invasive precursors, emerging evidence on the spectrum of HPV involvement in the pathogenesis of anal squamous and glandular neoplasia, and practical considerations in anal pathology reporting, such as the application of p16 and other immunohistochemical markers.