Background: Crowdsourcing has been used in supporting the conduct of systematic reviews for the last few years. However, these approaches mainly encapsule reviews which include one single type of study design. This project specifically focuses on engaging the public in screening of a dataset that combines three study designs: human, animal and in-vitro studies.

Objectives: i) To pilot the feasibility of assembling a crowdsourcing project to engage citizens of the general public in a highly specialized screening task. ii) To validate the training and screening outcomes of this approach. Two research questions were proposed,
i) the effects of ionizing radiation on the central nervous system (CNS) and ii) sex differences in exposure to ionizing radiation (SD).

Methods: Inclusion and exclusion criteria were formatted as decision tree, mimicking the workflow of a field expert. Volunteers were trained to follow the decision tree. Five training calls were opened, access to the full screening dataset was granted to participants reaching recall > 0.8 and specificity > 0.4 on a training set of 25 prelabelled abstracts. Spanning the whole project, we built an active community with strong peer support and individualized feedback. The full screening phase is currently ongoing, the two groups are moderated in parallel (SD, CNS).

Results: 1.300 citizens expressed their interest for contributing to the project. 120 participants passed the training stage and actively contribute to the project. There was a lot more interest in the review on sex differences. From the active trainers, the most common error during the training stage was too low recall (= to harsh exclusion) as we aim at overinclusion at this stage. Intra-rater decision making agreed at >75% showing a stable approach, inter-rater decision making varied between 50-100%. We adapted a new majority vote scheme with a minimum of 5 people agreeing at ≥75%.

Conclusion: The major lessons learned are that i) long project timescales lead to loss of engagement by citizens and ii) scaling towards three study types and 51 countries requires a good data conduct combining trainings, stable platform access and standardized data formats. We showed that a trained general crowd can make decisions comparable to domain experts and hope our community-focussed approach is taken up for future systematic reviews.

As humans advances towards greater space exploration, driven by significant technological progress and the commercialization of space efforts, we encounter unique challenges in expanding human presence beyond Earth. Notable initiatives such as India's Gaganyaan mission, NASA's Artemis program, and the European Space Agency’s Mars explorations highlight the urgent need to address the multifaceted impacts of microgravity on astronaut health and performance. This pursuit necessitates an interdisciplinary approach to ensure the well-being of crew members during long-duration space exploration (LDSE) missions.

This paper introduces Neuroeconomics—a combination of neuroscience, psychology, and economics—as an innovative framework to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of space travel. By employing a mixed-methods study design, our research utilises neuroimaging techniques and economic decision-making tasks under simulated microgravity conditions. These methods aim to measure and analyze neurobehavioral changes in astronauts, providing crucial insights into their cognitive and emotional adaptations.

Estimated results from our theoretical simulations suggest that neuroeconomic interventions can potentially alleviate the negative consequences associated with space travel, enhancing team cohesion, resilience, and decision-making capabilities. These estimated outcomes highlight the importance of Neuroeconomics in navigating the complexities of deep space travel and aiding to successful human adaptation beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO). This study not only outlines potential strategies but also emphasises the pivotal role of Neuroeconomics in advancing the frontier of human space exploration (Sterling & Eyer, 1988; De Dreu et al., 2010).

Introduction: Long-duration spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit, including missions to the Moon and Mars, pose several health risks. The biopsychosocial model provides a holistic approach to healthcare and has been shown to optimise health outcomes in terrestrial settings.

Methods: a narrative review of the health risks to long-duration spaceflight and interplanetary exploration was conducted within the context of a BPS framework. A conceptual model was developed to highlight the multifactorial BPS effects of spaceflight, with respect to NASA’s main hazards of spaceflight.

Challenges: Long-duration space missions pose many psychological stressors, ranging from confinement and isolation to the demands of living and working in highly controlled environments. It is also recognised that multiple biological factors can affect behavioural health and performance in space missions. The physiological function and psychological resilience of crew members becomes critical in the face of prolonged separation from Earth, compounded by the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with deep space exploration. Additionally, crucial to mission safety and success, are the interpersonal dynamics between crew. Differences in personality, communication styles, and cultural backgrounds among crew members can result in cohesive teamworking and contribute to a successful operation or may lead to conflicts and compromise safety. Issues related to mixed-gender dynamics may also arise, emphasising the importance of maintaining positive interpersonal relations and effective communication to foster a cohesive and productive team environment.

Countermeasures: In-flight countermeasures should aim to reduce the dependency on ground-based support, a crucial element for deep space explorations, where traditional reliance on Earth's resources is impractical due to significant communication delays and logistical constraints. Strategies may include ergonomic design improvements, structured work-rest schedules, continuous well-being monitoring using innovative tools such as AI-based voice stress analysis, and personalised in-flight interventions using virtual reality and digital self-help resources. Biomarkers relating to CNS effects of radiation exposure, stress response and sleep disturbance are being evaluated as possible tools for early detection of adverse cognitive effects. Real-time monitoring systems to aid in identification of early signs of stress are being studies to enable timely intervention. Post-mission, comprehensive debriefing and continued psychological support may be needed to facilitate re-adaptation to Earth's environment and address any long-lasting effects on behavioural health.

Conclusion: Based on existing literature and practices, a biopsychosocial approach to NASA’s five main hazards was proposed, as a conceptual model to health in long-duration spaceflight and interplanetary exploration.

No Longer Earthlings: Results

Introduction
This presentation will explore the processes by which astronaut identities are transformed in the extreme environment of space. Drawing on terrestrial migration theories, I will explore how astronauts and analogue astronauts define and modify “the self” while alienated from their territories and their planet. I will anthropologically frame these extreme journeys as ‘rituals of transformation’ and ‘rites of passage’, in which cohorts experience liminality and communitas, and are thereby reconstructed in themselves. This is inspired by cosmonaut Lebedev’s self-observation, “no longer earthling,” and Leninger’s, “untranslatable to oneself.”

Methods
Building on pilot fieldwork conducted on the MEILI-I Space Health Research analogue mission, in which I was a participant observer and employed extensive ethnographic techniques, I will explore findings and (crucially) tie them back to terrestrial migration theories. These methods included in-depth pre- and post-mission interviews with space industry astronauts and analogue astronauts, as well as MEILI-I analogue mission astronauts. MEILI-I astronauts also engaged in participatory action research, creating interpretive art and, most impactfully, creative journaling.

Results
Using these methods, I was able to trace transformations of deeply held personal beliefs, qualities, and relationships that analogue astronauts experienced over the course of the mission, as they were alienated not just from their local social context, but seemingly from the bounds of Earth entirely. These transformative experiences were echoed in contextual interviews and resembled experiences that astronauts have reported in various literature. The results suggest that profound reconstructions of identity and social relations may be commonplace, yet understudied, in space migration and simulated space migration.

Moreover, these findings bear a striking resemblance to processes in extreme terrestrial migration and displacement. This may suggest that, despite the overwhelming differences between terrestrial displacement and extraterrestrial exploration, the commonality of a dramatic removal from sociocultural contexts followed by a journey of intense discovery and survival in both cases may offer a bridging theory via 'rites of passage' and themes of liminality, ritual, and communitas. The presentation is meant to open a conversation on how terrestrial migration can inform extraterrestrial migration, and vice versa. What can we learn from extreme journeys on Earth as we make plans to send astronauts to space stations, the Moon, and Mars? Reciprocally, how can we look back from our journeys in space to gain a new perspective of journeys on Earth?

Note: This presentation will take place after the follow-up MEILI-II mission, which may impact findings.

Currently, the UK lacks the capacity to launch and recover life science experiments in Low Earth Orbit for comparative studies. Furthermore, there are limitations in designing these experiments and their terrestrial counterparts, which can yield less reliable results. The space sector is rapidly growing in the UK, and there is a clear ambition to expand the life science dimension of this sector. This is evidenced by the recent investment of the UK government in an all-British space flight with Axiom Space. The British government announced up to £15 million in commercial funding that would become available when the Axiom space mission proceeds.
Our ongoing research addresses five fundamental areas for assuring high-quality orbital life science research programmes can succeed:
(a) Development of the End-to-End Life Cycle for orbital life sciences research, determining the critical requirements to assure experimental provenance and quarantine, regulatory mission alignment and Mission Safety Assurance.
(b) Establishing research standards and developing a best practice toolkit for the design of orbital experiments and their corresponding twin comparative experiments on Earth.
(c) Generating the critical regulatory framework to support the Civil Aviation Authority develop the necessary regulatory guidance for these types of space missions launching from, and returning to, the UK.
(d) Determining the environmental and dynamic mission management requirements for experimental provenance and quarantine throughout the mission life cycle.
(e) Defining the requirements for appropriate processes and hardware/equipment development required to ensure maritime recovery and repatriation does not compromise mission success.
The presentation will provide an update on the current findings along with standards and guidelines that we have developed.

The benefit of this activity, whilst of immediate interest to support UK Launch and related academic activities is of international value. Thus, the scientific process and methods derived from our research is ultimately an Open Source resource we feel should be made available to any country looking to initiate space-base research of this nature. Associating and verifying our work in collaboration with space agencies as well as COSPAR, ESA BSGN etc is a definitive outcome from this project.

Background: As humanity advances towards long-duration spaceflight and the establishment of extraterrestrial habitation, the prolonged impact of microgravity on various physiological systems, including the oral cavity, emerges as a critical area of concern. To mitigate this risk, effective countermeasures need to be developed. The study presented here aimed to develop a dental operatory, test the operator’s position and hand stability, and conduct dental procedures in simulated microgravity. This research contributes to the broader goal of investigating the feasibility of oral countermeasures to ensure the oral health and well-being of astronauts during long-duration space missions.

Methods: During three parabolic flights enabled by the Air Zero G plane by Novespace, a total of 90 microgravity intervals, each with a duration of 22 seconds, were provided. Two senior dentistry students performed simulated caries preparations and composite restorations on artificial teeth attached to a phantom head. The experimental procedures were executed under microgravity conditions, while control procedures were conducted during steady flight and under normogravity on the ground. The dental operatory, designed to simulate a simplified dental practice environment, incorporated an isolation chamber, a turbulence synchronization system, and an adjustable illumination system. The operatory was adjusted for the kneeling position, ensuring unimpeded practitioner mobility in microgravity. The final evaluation of the results was conducted using computer-aided assessment of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional imagery, and a two-way ANOVA statistical analysis was employed.

Results: The constructed dental operatory facilitates performance of dental procedures without statistically significant accuracy differences. The accuracy (mean [CI]) for O1 and O2 were 12.58%, 95% CI [9.81, 15.35] and 16.79%, 95% CI [14.02, 19.56], respectively. The interaction effect between environment and operator on restoration accuracy was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The conducted study provides valuable insights towards the possibility of performing dental and potentially surgical procedures under microgravity conditions. Within the limitations of this study, it has been demonstrated that our simulated dental operatory can accommodate the execution of dental procedures across a range of environments. With appropriate training, medical instruments can be utilized safely and effectively, thereby expanding the scope of medical interventions possible in space.