Background: The United Arab Emirates is one of the countries in the world that adopted Primary Health Care (PHC) after the Alma Ata declaration on PHC in 1978 and started introducing the services in 1984. There was a notable transition as health centers replaced clinics, becoming the principal providers of essential medical care. This study investigated the challenges faced in implementing PHC by the different health authorities in delivering health services to diverse communities.
Approach: This study aimed to assess the implementation of Primary Health Care (PHC) based on selected process indicators and provide evidence-based policy recommendations. An integrated methodological approach employing both qualitative and quantitative techniques have been used. It was a facility based exploratory study. Both the providers and user’s perspectives were considered.
Results: The implementation of Primary Health Care (PHC) services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has demonstrated significant success in terms of accessibility, utilization, and quality of care, particularly for insured individuals. Over 66.0 % of the population benefiting from either national or private insurance, this comprehensive coverage has substantially enhanced access to healthcare services, mitigating financial barriers and fostering a more equitable distribution of healthcare resources. The primary healthcare centres are optimally accessible for most of the patients (75.2%), where they can reach within 10-20 minutes. The cost of services is perceived as affordable by 87.3% of respondents. The integration of advanced telehealth services, including virtual consultations, remote monitoring, and digital prescriptions, has markedly increased convenience and decreased wait times, this cohesive framework of accessibility, affordability, and telehealth services has culminated in consistently high levels of patient satisfaction.
Implication:
This study is the first of its kind in UAE provided in-depth insight about success and challenges encounter in delivering health care at the primary health care level. Finding provided the different level of successful implementation among three Emirates. Despite remarkable success, study identified some areas still needs to be addressed. Specifically, need to initiate policy to ensure services for uninsured population, active community participation in organising and delivering services, exploring subsidized care options for low-income patients etc. .

Australia has made significant strides in advancing the integration of health and social care, with numerous policy frameworks and initiatives introduced at both the national and state levels. Despite these efforts, there remains a substantial gap between the policy rhetoric surrounding integration and the practical realities of its implementation. This paper critically analyses Australia’s health and social care integration policies, questioning whether these efforts reflect meaningful systemic change or are primarily symbolic, offering more rhetorical commitment than substantive action.
Through a qualitative policy analysis, this study examines key policy documents, strategic frameworks, and program evaluations from more than 100 government departments and agencies across Australia. The analysis is framed around the Nine Pillars of Integrated Care, to assess the essential elements required for effective integration across healthcare and social services. The study explores the extent to which these policies are aligned with the objectives of creating a unified, patient-centred system, and the barriers that continue to impede the widespread realisation of integration.
The findings reveal a highly fragmented landscape in Australia’s integration efforts. While some states and territories have implemented promising pilot programs and community-based models, these initiatives are often isolated, with limited scalability and integration across broader systems. Innovation has been observed in targeted areas, such as the disability sector, veterans’ services, and digital health, but these programs have not been sufficiently expanded to create a cohesive, nationwide integrated care framework. Structural barriers, including siloed funding models, fragmented governance, and a lack of workforce capacity for cross-sector collaboration, continue to undermine efforts to achieve true integration. Moreover, inconsistent policy alignment between federal and state governments has resulted in lack of harmonisation, competing visions and a lack of coordination, further hindering system-wide integration.
Despite the recognition of integration as a policy priority, the paper argues that these efforts are often disconnected from the lived experiences of patients, particularly those with complex health and social care needs. Insufficient patient and community engagement in the design and delivery of integration policies has led to initiatives that are not adequately tailored to the needs of diverse populations. Furthermore, technological barriers, particularly in data sharing and digital infrastructure, remain significant challenges.
In conclusion, while Australia’s integration efforts are well-intentioned, they have not yet led to meaningful, large-scale change. To move from fragmented, piecemeal approaches to a truly integrated system, the paper recommends stronger intergovernmental collaboration, policy harmonisation, and the active involvement of patients and communities in policy development. Only through these measures can Australia achieve the vision of a fully integrated health and social care system capable of delivering improved health outcomes and greater equity for all citizens.